Below is the finalized schedule for the 2012 MUCSC. The schedule is available as a PDF.

A note about the talk times: each presenter will speak for 15 minutes, with 5 minutes for questions. Because it will be a long day of talks, audience members are encouraged to use the question times to leave for refreshments (etc.), so that there are minimal disruptions during the talks.

For all presenters who are in town Saturday night: you are welcome to come to the Irish Lion at 6:00PM for dinner with other conference-goers.

Sunday, April 15th, 2012

Time	Author	Presentation Title & Abstract	Location
9:00am-9:30am, Check-In & Breakfast (Bloomington Bagel Company), Psychology Building Lobby
9:30am-10:00am, Welcome Address, PY 101
	Prof. Tom Busey	Welcome Address	PY 101
10:00am-12:00pm, 1st Session, PY 101
10:00am	James Torre	The Triangular Prisoner's Dilemma: Inducing Superrational Behavior from Merely Rational Agents Unaccounted for in the standard formulation of the Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) is the third party meting out the reward and punishment, as quantified by the payoff matrix, due each of the two main players. That this silent agent is present is eponymously clear from the intuition behind the model: to defect from an opposing prisoner is necessarily to cooperate with the detaining authority, and vice-versa. Thus, embedded in every two-person PD scenario is an implicit Triangular Prisoner's Dilemma, wherein three agents are divided into a power hierarchy, which allows the Police agent to decide with whom to cooperate or defect after the Prisoner agents act. Explored in this research are the effects of explicating this third point of the triangle and the informational advantage granted its occupant, including how superrational cooperative behavior can arise between the two Prisoners, without assumption of superrationality in either agent. Extensions of the Triangular Prisoner's Dilemma in the vein of Axelrod's Iterated PD tournaments are also considered.	PY 101
10:20am	Peter Kvam	Impact of cheap talk promises on decision-making in the Prisoner's Dilemma Extraneous information that people gather from prior events is often carried into the decisions that they make, even into those situations which should rationally be treated independently. One of many of these effects is the tendency to adjust behavior based on 'cheap talk' promises - those that can be broken at no cost - that are made to other agents. This effect was examined in the laboratory by having participants make cheap talk promises to an agent regarding their action in a proposed Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) situation, and then immediately interacting with a new agent in an independent PD situation (which includes different payoffs). This second interaction was succeeded by asking participants to follow up on their previous promise by actually playing the game with the first agent they had seen. This process was repeated 9 times across 31 participants, with filler trials of one-shot games with both PD and non-PD payoffs included between iterations. The PD games included in this filler were also used to compute a baseline rate of cooperation against which to compare the rate of cooperation following the promise-making stage. We saw a significant effect of the cheap talk promises, with those trials immediately following a cheap talk phase in which the participant made a promise showing significantly higher rates of cooperation than either the baseline or those before which the participant chose not to make a promise. Additionally, we found a much higher rate of cooperation with agents in the promise follow-up stage regardless of whether they had made a promise to that agent in the initial promise stage, suggesting that participants might be approaching the agent as one they might interact with again in the future - a difference which changes the optimal and observed strategies people take approaching the Prisoner's Dilemma.	PY 101
10:40am	Amber Denton	I'm Happy So I Think I Put A Ring On It: The Effects of Mood on Reality Monitoring We examined the effect of mood on reality monitoring accuracy. Results indicate that mood affects the relationship between confidence and accuracy of recall: participants in a happy mood are less able than participants in a sad mood to accurately monitor whether they imagined or performed tasks. Mood has been shown to affect item memory (e.g., Gray, 2001; Gray, Braver, & Raichle, 2002; Storbeck & Clore, 2005). More specifically, researchers have observed that a happy mood encourages a more general encoding of a memory (e.g., Fiedler, 2001; Gasper & Clore, 2002) while a sad mood encourages more detailed encoding (e.g., Bless, et al., 1996; Bodenhausen, 1994; Isbell, 2004). However, little is known about how mood influences one's ability to monitor accurately the source of their memories. Source memory refers to memory for the context in which one has learned facts and items (Johnson, Hashtroudi & Lindsay, 1993). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of one's mood on the accuracy of their reality monitoring, which is a type of source memory in which individuals differentiate actions that they performed from actions that they imagined performing. We investigated the effects of mood on reality monitoring accuracy in 24 undergraduate students by first inducing them into either a sad or happy mood, then having them perform 20 tasks and imagine performing 20 tasks. After a brief delay, they then completed a 60-question recognition-source test in which they indicated which tasks were previously part of the study and which were new tasks. For tasks endorsed as 'old,' participants specified whether they performed or imagined that task. Participants rated their confidence in their old-new and imagined-performed decisions. Results show that the recognition memory accuracy of participants induced into a happy mood (M = .90; SD = .18) and those induced into a sad mood (M = .96; SD = .03) do not statistically differ, F (1, 23) = 1.91, MSE = .02, p = .286. There was, however, a statistically significant interaction between accuracy and confidence in recognition memory such that participants in a happy mood were more confident in their correct recognition responses (M = 96.85; SD = 3.38) than participants in a sad mood (M = 93.23; SD = 4.97), but participants in a sad mood were more accurate in their recognition responses (M = .96; SD = .03) than participants in a happy mood (M = .90; SD = .18), F (1, 23) = 5.01, MSE = 8.14, p < .05. The same pattern emerged for reality monitoring accuracy; that is, participants in a happy mood were more confident in their correct source memory responses (M = 97.704; SD = 1.32) than participants in a sad mood (M = 94.15; SD = 4.85), but participants in a sad mood were more accurate in their source memory responses (M = .935; SD = .078) than participants in a happy mood (M = .93; SD = .08), F (1, 22) = 7.07, MSE = 5.27, p < .05. In conclusion, while recognition rates were not affected by mood, the relationship between confidence and accuracy of both recognition and reality monitoring decisions varied as a function of mood. Specifically, participants in a happy mood were less accurate, but more confident than participants in a sad mood. Jason R. Bullard (Butler University), Hilary R. Shepherd (Butler University), Tony F. Bergamini (Butler University), Waylon B. Wright (Butler University), Amanda C. Gingerich (Butler University), Lacy E. Krueger (Texas A&M University - Commerce)	PY 101
11:00am	Kate Sanders	Patterns in Food Memory People's memory for foods they have consumed considerably worsens shortly after those foods are eaten, which could be explained by one of two hypotheses about the pattern of food memory decline. One possible explanation for the pattern of food memory decline is that food-borne illnesses generally affect a person within about 48 hours, so it is only necessary to remember foods from a day or two ago to learn which foods to avoid in the future. Alternatively, food memory could be adapted to the information provided by the daily eating environment in terms of the patterns of foods eaten over time. These two hypotheses must be tested to determine which more accurately explains the observed pattern of forgetting foods. To study people's memory for foods, we conducted a study in which subjects recorded all their foods for a week on TweetWhatYouEat (TWYE), an online food diary service that utilizes Twitter. Subjects were asked to send tweets to TWYE of each food they ate for 7 days, tweeting immediately after consuming foods. After each subject entered 7 days' worth of food on TWYE, he/she was asked to complete our online food recall survey, about which subjects had not previously been informed. In the survey, the subjects indicated each food they remembered having eaten, along with details about the experience. We are comparing the food diaries to the food recall surveys across several dimensions. We are examining the match between the recalls and the diaries to determine if there is a point at which food memory drastically worsens, to test between the two hypotheses for the function and expected duration of food memory. We are also examining the data for specific effects of food repetition, types of foods, and individual differences in food memory length and accuracy, following the study's initial questions.	PY 101
11:20am	Said Achmiz	Spectrum Inversion and the Nature of Color The inverted spectrum hypothesis is one of the classic philosophical arguments for qualia, also known as intrinsic properties of experience, purely phenomenal content, and many other terms. Like many arguments in the philosophy of consciousness, it makes almost no concrete predictions or claims about the physical world, nor does it depend for its persuasiveness on scientific data (indeed, many versions of it are undermined by our scientific understanding of color). Instead, as is also the trend in the field, inverted spectrum arguments rely on intuition, the imaginability or plausibility of various fanciful scenarios, and such poorly-defined concepts as conceptual possibility. Intuition, however, is strongly influenced by language, by common terminology and conventions of usage. Many of the philosophers on both sides of this debate use critical terms - words and phrases which refer to *colors*, the things (whatever they are) at the very heart of the debate - with distressing imprecision and laxity. How much of the debate around inverted spectra can be cut through just by attending carefully to proper use of color terminology? To answer that question, I examine first just what color is, or at least what we refer to when we talk about it. I then look at the positions of two prominent philosophers in this debate: Gilbert Harman, who finds spectrum inversion implausible and comes out against qualia, and Sydney Shoemaker, who argues in favor of inversion hypotheses and for the existence of qualia. By applying thought experiments informed by contemporary scientific understanding of color vision, I attempt to construct a view of intersubjective meaning of color terms that clarifies the inverted spectrum issue.	PY 101
11:40am	Bethany McCord	Social anxiety on Facebook: A review of the issues, presentation of new findings, and suggestions for social anxiety treatment To maintain an up-to-date and thorough understanding of social anxiety, recent anxiety research has examined socially anxious individuals' use of the social networking site, Facebook. The current study adds to that body of research, first by investigating whether high social anxiety is associated with increased or decreased amounts of interaction on Facebook. One hypothesis frequently proposed in the literature, the social compensation hypothesis, predicts that socially anxious users will interact on Facebook more than other users to compensate for poor face-to-face interactions. This possibility was evaluated against a new competing hypothesis, the poor get poorer hypothesis, which predicts that socially anxious users will interact on Facebook less than other users because social interaction is anxiety provoking. Participants completed a measure of social anxiety and reported the amount that they used several different features of Facebook to interact with others. Results provided support for neither hypothesis, indicating that socially anxious people do not differ in their amount of Facebook interaction from non-socially anxious users. The second purpose of this study was to test a new hypothesis, that socially anxious Facebook users would report feeling symptoms of social anxiety while interacting with others on the site. Participants completed a scale designed to measure anxiety experienced while using several different features of Facebook to interact with others. Results supported this hypothesis, indicating that socially anxious individuals did experience anxiety in Facebook interactions, though to a lesser degree than in face-to-face interactions. Together, these findings indicate that even though socially anxious individuals do experience anxiety while interacting with others on Facebook, they still interact on the site just as much as other users. This is a surprising finding given that socially anxious individuals tend to avoid anxiety provoking face-to-face social interactions, but this finding may simply reflect the difference in degree of symptoms experienced. A second possibility is that the extra time and space involved in Facebook interactions allow socially anxious users to employ coping strategies that they are not able to use as effectively in face-to-face interactions. A secondary goal of this study was to provide suggestions for how social anxiety therapists should approach the topic of Facebook with their clients. A discussion of this issue explains why therapists should ensure that the client's social interaction and self-portrayal on Facebook is beneficial to his or her well-being and social life, rather than trying to increase or decrease amount of Facebook use.	PY 101
12:00-1:00pm, Lunch (catered by: Amol India & Jimmy John's)
1:00pm-2:00pm, Keynote Speaker, PY 101
(Courtesy of IU)	Prof. Edward Castronova	The Cognitive Science of Games	PY 101
2:00pm-4:00pm, 2nd Session, PY 101
2:00pm	Thomas Parmer	Artificial Economics: A New Approach to Use Serious Games to Model Complex Socioeconomic Systems Socioeconomic systems are inherently complex and thus their behavior is indeterminate when examining them at an agent-based level. Furthermore, it is clear that an optimal solution for economic problems has not been found, as witnessed by severe inequality, worldwide financial crises, a lack of general economic/financial knowledge, and drastic resource depletion. Nevertheless, experiments have generally been conducted at small scales and within abstract environments. The current proliferation of massively-multiplayer online games can be adapted to study the space of socioeconomic possibilities at large scales and in much more realistic environments that allow the advent of chaos. Although these game models are abstract, they do capture key elements relating to complex systems such as decentralization, emergence, dynamic activity, and adaptation. This method can be used to study not only current socioeconomic systems but also theoretical systems. Analogous to artificial life, this development could be adapted to a new field called artificial economics which studies economics-as-it-could-be instead of economics-as-we-know-it. The analysis of these systems can then inform real-world models and policies without putting human or financial capital at risk. I will present this modeling framework as it relates to Frontier, an online game in development for socioeconomic study. This platform will seek to address issues such as resource management, inflation, user cooperation, and global integration while using a premise that involves players acting as corporate leaders in an abstract space environment. I will mention previous work relating to Elinor Ostrom's findings on group governance of common pool resources, and I will showcase any current data that has been gathered and discuss its implications.	PY 101
2:20pm	Amy Fairgrieve	A Schema-Theoretic Approach to Literary Interpretation In this paper I undertake to explain the problem of why we often partially agree and partially disagree about interpretations of literary texts. The foundation for my argument is schema theory, which I use to demonstrate how each of us develops an overall interpretation of a given story or poem that is quite different from that of anyone else. In doing this, I suggest several patterns of schema usage that occur throughout the reading process, which together lead to a unique interpretation of the text. I then argue that any agreement (usually partial) we reach about a given text stems both from cultural influences on the schemas used in the act of reading, and from our discussions of literary texts, in which we engage in one of three kinds of learning applied to the interpretation we have already developed. In order to support this argument, I draw evidence from my own empirical research, consisting of undergraduate English students reading a poem and then responding to preset questions about it. I also draw from important figures in cognitive theory such as David Rumelhart, Mark Turner, Gilles Fauconnier, and Patrick Colm Hogan.	PY 101
2:40pm	Gladiola Esparza	ToM knows your thoughts: Theory of Mind, emotional connection, and social language in foreign language theater When an audience watches a foreign language theatrical performance, they rely on Theory of Mind (ToM) through the context of the performance (such as the usage of props and the actors' gestures, tones, expressions, and eye contact) to compensate for the language barrier. Language is either verbal or nonverbal communication which may also refer to complex systems of expression where language is social because we engage each other's thoughts, emotions, intentions, and context. Social language starts from the moment we are born; having the capability to recognize a smile from a frown. A toddler may not say water or candy but will often indicate that they are asking for water or candy depending on the context or body language. Scholars such as Merlin Donald even suggest that contextual language could have originated from social practices of the early hominids. In a play, while the audiences are usually unaware of ToM, they still will use settings, language, and actions to pick out the characters' intentions. Simultaneously, and associated with ToM, mirror neurons are triggered which serves as a process of engagement and emotional connection between the audience and the characters: the audience observes an action performed by the character that allows us to feel what they feel. This causes the audience to experience empathy and makes human interaction social in nature, which is a part of ToM because it allows the audience to add emotions to their intentions or thoughts. Bruce McConachie suggests that during a performance, the need to engage with others through emotions ultimately allows the characters to read each other's thoughts on the stage. Thus, ToM and social language allows an audience to understand a foreign language production by anticipating what characters are thinking, feeling or intending regarding one another on the stage.	PY 101
3:00pm	Caitlin Anderson	False Memory in the DRM Paradigm: A Comparison of Synesthetes and Non-Synesthetic Controls This study investigated how the superior memory of synesthetic individuals protects them from false memories. Synesthesia is a non-disordered cross-wiring of the senses (Hubbard & Ramachandran, 2005). A color-grapheme synesthete might associate the letter A with the color purple although it is printed in black ink. Some researchers have evaluated episodic memory of synesthetes and found word recall scores comparable to those of non-synesthetes (Rothen & Meier, 2010). Little research, however, has examined the influence of synesthesia on false memories. Radvansky, Gibson, and McNerney (2011) were the first to study the influence of synesthesia on false recall of word lists. They found that synesthetes exhibited lower false recall rates than non-synesthetic controls in the DRM paradigm. They did not, however, measure recognition memory. In the current study, 12 color-specific synesthetes and 13 non-synesthetes viewed 15 words semantically-related to one critical, non-presented word for 250 milliseconds each. Participants then completed a 45 second free recall task. This procedure was repeated for each of 12 lists adapted from the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (Roediger & McDermott, 1995). A 288-item recognition task followed. False recall was defined as mistakenly recalling the non-presented critical lures, while false recognition was defined as falsely endorsing the non-presented critical lures as 'old.' Finally, participants completed the Synesthesia Battery (Eagleman et al., 2007), to determine the extent and type of their synesthesia. Results suggest that synesthetes had higher correct recall rates (M=.53, SD=.07) than did non-synesthetes (M=.45, SD= .12), F(1,24)=4.43, p< .05.Every other measure, however, yielded no significant difference between groups (all ps >.05). The proportion of critical lures falsely recalled by synesthetes (M=.40, SD=.26) was comparable to that of non-synesthetes (M=.31, SD= .15), F(1,24)=1.13. Similarly, synesthetes and non-synesthetes did not differ significantly in overall correct recognition (Msyn=.55, SDsyn=.14; Mnon-syn=.56, SDnon-syn=.16), F(1,24)=.004, or in overall false recognition (Msyn=.50, SDsyn=.14; Mnon-syn=.47, SDnon-syn=.19) , F(1,24)=.31. Although we replicated the finding that synesthetes have higher correct recall than do non-synesthetes in the DRM paradigm (Radvansky, Gibson, & McNerney, 2011), our results contradict the finding that synesthetes are less likely to recall non-presented critical lures in the DRM paradigm. Results indicate that, compared to non-synesthetes, the cross-wiring of senses that synesthetes experience does not necessarily enable them to reduce their false recall of critical lures or to correctly reject critical lures. Furthermore, synesthesia does not seem to protect individuals from falsely recognizing critical lures.	PY 101
3:20pm	Lauren Goode	Visual Discrimination in Infants: stimuli factors and looking patterns matter Considerable research has investigated visual discrimination capabilities of young infants. Such studies typically use a habituation procedure. This procedure has been widely used in developmental science to ask about infants' numerical discrimination (Xu, Spelke, & Goddard, 2005; Cordes & Brannon, 2009). However, results from many studies have shown inconsistencies within the field. Are there stimuli factors that can account for inconsistencies? What factors influence successful versus unsuccessful discrimination in 6-month old infants? Our study was a first step at exploring the factors in this procedure. We used stimuli similar to those in infant numerical tasks (black dots on white backgrounds). We habituated infants to one of two conditions: visual arrays that were More or Less Dense. The More Dense arrays were white slides with 3 large black dots arranged in a random configuration. The Less Dense stimuli consisted of 2 small black dots. After habituation, infants were tested on discrimination between the More and Less Dense stimuli. Total looking time was measured for habituation and test trials as infants' eye movements were tracked. Results from overall looking times showed that there was an effect of habituation condition. Those infants who were habituated to the Less Dense stimuli were more likely to discriminate during testing phase (69% of infants in the Less Dense condition discriminated). Infants habituated to the More Dense stimuli were less likely to discriminate as a group (only 44%). However, of the infants in the More Dense stimuli condition that did in fact discriminate, there were interesting trends in eye movements and where in the visual stimuli they looked during habituation. Infants in the More Dense condition that were discriminators looked a greater proportion of time at the white versus the black dots (p=.09). The results thus far suggest two main ideas. First, visual discrimination in infants is dependent upon the specifics of the stimuli to which they are habituated. Second, there are systematic behaviors in where discriminating infants look. In our study, infants who discriminated looked a greater proportion of time at the white space rather than the black dots. This behavior might be indicative of a more holistic processing of stimuli. Ongoing research is continuing to investigate this possibility.	PY 101
3:40pm	Robert Hawkins	Quantifying Emergence in Perceptual Organization The concept of emergence has become increasingly important as cognitive science turns toward constructing models and explanations of increasingly complex cognitive systems. One area in which cohesive, rigorous accounts of emergence are especially needed is the field of perceptual organization, where the whole is so often perceived differently from the sum of its parts. Unfortunately, there remains no canonical definition of emergence, nor any rigorous measure by which one can conclusively call a particular property emergent and scientifically investigate its underlying mechanisms. To begin to fill this gap, we will compare several competing philosophical perspectives on emergence, eventually focusing on the treatment by William Wimsatt (1997) as the most promising for formalization. In light of this approach, we will then examine the capacity coefficient (Townsend & Nozawa, 1995), a mathematical measure that assesses a participant's performance in a redundant-target response time task when multiple sources of information appear together against performance when they appear in isolation. In a recent experiment, we used the capacity coefficient to analyze the effect of emergent features in visual perception: the participant was first presented with a reference dot to the left of the center, to the right of the center, or in both positions. This display was then followed by a target display in which the reference dot(s) either changed positions or stayed the same. The participant was asked to response 'yes' if any of the dots changed position and 'no' otherwise. We found that response times were much faster when the location change caused a change in the configuration of the dots (inducing emergent features like proximity or orientation), but was slower when no change in configuration occurred, even when the degree of location change was exactly the same. Like many Gestalt phenomena, this effect satisfies an intuitive notion of emergence. Tying together the philosophical and mathematical lines of inquiry, we appeal to Wimsatt's criteria for further evidence that the capacity coefficient is a reliable, quantifiable way to recognize emergence in the cognitive domain.	PY 101
4:40-5:00pm, MUCSC RUCKUS, INFO East
5:00-6:30pm, Poster Session, INFO East
	Caitlin Anderson	False Memory in the DRM Paradigm: A Comparison of Synesthetes and Non-Synesthetic Controls This study investigated how the superior memory of synesthetic individuals protects them from false memories. Synesthesia is a non-disordered cross-wiring of the senses (Hubbard & Ramachandran, 2005). A color-grapheme synesthete might associate the letter A with the color purple although it is printed in black ink. Some researchers have evaluated episodic memory of synesthetes and found word recall scores comparable to those of non-synesthetes (Rothen & Meier, 2010). Little research, however, has examined the influence of synesthesia on false memories. Radvansky, Gibson, and McNerney (2011) were the first to study the influence of synesthesia on false recall of word lists. They found that synesthetes exhibited lower false recall rates than non-synesthetic controls in the DRM paradigm. They did not, however, measure recognition memory. In the current study, 12 color-specific synesthetes and 13 non-synesthetes viewed 15 words semantically-related to one critical, non-presented word for 250 milliseconds each. Participants then completed a 45 second free recall task. This procedure was repeated for each of 12 lists adapted from the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (Roediger & McDermott, 1995). A 288-item recognition task followed. False recall was defined as mistakenly recalling the non-presented critical lures, while false recognition was defined as falsely endorsing the non-presented critical lures as 'old.' Finally, participants completed the Synesthesia Battery (Eagleman et al., 2007), to determine the extent and type of their synesthesia. Results suggest that synesthetes had higher correct recall rates (M=.53, SD=.07) than did non-synesthetes (M=.45, SD= .12), F(1,24)=4.43, p< .05.Every other measure, however, yielded no significant difference between groups (all ps >.05). The proportion of critical lures falsely recalled by synesthetes (M=.40, SD=.26) was comparable to that of non-synesthetes (M=.31, SD= .15), F(1,24)=1.13. Similarly, synesthetes and non-synesthetes did not differ significantly in overall correct recognition (Msyn=.55, SDsyn=.14; Mnon-syn=.56, SDnon-syn=.16), F(1,24)=.004, or in overall false recognition (Msyn=.50, SDsyn=.14; Mnon-syn=.47, SDnon-syn=.19) , F(1,24)=.31. Although we replicated the finding that synesthetes have higher correct recall than do non-synesthetes in the DRM paradigm (Radvansky, Gibson, & McNerney, 2011), our results contradict the finding that synesthetes are less likely to recall non-presented critical lures in the DRM paradigm. Results indicate that, compared to non-synesthetes, the cross-wiring of senses that synesthetes experience does not necessarily enable them to reduce their false recall of critical lures or to correctly reject critical lures. Furthermore, synesthesia does not seem to protect individuals from falsely recognizing critical lures.	INFO EAST
	Katharine Babcock	Evolving Minds: Using ALE to investigate the presence of a common neural substrate for syntax and stone tool making Early stone tool technology (~2.5 - 0.5 mya) and modern language both exhibit sequential and hierarchical structure. This has led many to hypothesize that these two distinctly human attributes may utilize a common neural substrate. This pilot study explores this possible homology by conducting a meta-analysis of functional imaging data on both stone tool making and syntactical processing tasks. Studies were selected from online databases using the following criteria: 1. they comprised whole brain scans 2. were not region of interest studies 3. involved a comparison of either task of interest alongside a baseline control task, and 4. reported the stereotactic (x, y, z) coordinates of each brain activation. In total, eight different experimental conditions were collected to represent syntax. Two experimental conditions were obtained for stone tool making. A relatively new meta-analysis technique known as activation likelihood estimate (ALE) was employed to quantify the clusters of neural activations based on their stereotactic coordinates across and between both types of data sets. Shared activation between stone tool making and syntactical processing was observed in six activation clusters, including Brodmann areas 46, 44/45, and 40. This pilot study supports for the hypothesis that stone tool making and syntax share a common neural substrate. Shifts in the complexity of tool technology, such as that occurring ~1.7 mya between Oldowan and Acheulean technologies, may index important changes in human linguistic capacities.	INFO EAST
	Audrey Brittingham	Examining the Correlation Between Encephalization and Tool Use Among Non-Human Primates Driving forces behind hominid encephalization have long been contested within Anthropology. Differing theories, whether social or ecological in origin, are too often applied to absolute encephalization, rather than being region-oriented. This trial study examines one of the major competing encephalization theories, tool use and reliance, and the reflection of this ability on different brain regions on nonhuman primates. This study endeavors to determine if evidence of tool use indicates a distinct shift in shape or relative size of nonhuman primate endocasts (it is assumed that endocranial space is indicative of brain anatomy). CT scans of primate skulls from various laboratories at Indiana University were taken at the Indiana University Health Bloomington Hospital. Segments of eight primates CT scans were mapped using AnalyzeDirect 9.0, computer software designed to read biomedical images and render information such as segmentation or volume. This program renders three-dimensional digital endocasts. The images are then loaded into ITK -SNAP, a program designed to first remove any excess areas mapped, such as a particularly long foramen magnum. After trimming, five voxels are plotted on the endocast using ITK-SNAP. The same five points are mapped in the same locations onto other endocasts, which will to be morphed into the first. The morphing allows the researchers to examine how the difference in size or development in one region across species compares to other regions. The data collected on tool use instances across primates (from the research of Dr. Robert Schumaker) was then run against the morphs to find positive and negative correlations. Positive correlations of relative brain size were found on the cerebellum and prefrontal lobe. Positive correlations of absolute brain size were also found in these regions, as well as in the frontal lobe. The strongest correlation is seen on the cerebellum of both the relative and absolute morphed brains, which suggests the increase in size for this area is directly related to tool use. The cerebellum is usually associated with controlling muscle movements, locomotion and timing, providing a favorable selection for encephalization. The better control an organism has over timing and movement, the more successful it should be at hunting. While it appears that certain regions of the brain are positively affected by tool use, others remain unaffected. This may indicate encephalization was not a result of a single driving factor, but multiple variables. This is simply a pilot study and more endocast measurements will be researched soon.	INFO EAST
	Kelly Dakarian	Space and Early Word Learning Research has shown that spatial information has been linked with multimodal object memories and that the spatial information can be used as an index to access those memories. . In that study, the infants were presented with novel objects using a pop up box and named in either spatially consistent locations or spatially inconsistent locations. The infants were later tested to see if they had learned the novel object's names. The results showed that 16-18 month olds are better able to learn novel words for objects if the objects are presented in the same constant location opposed to varied locations. The current experiment investigates this phenomenon in realistic and real life situations with natural social cues such as pointing and looking while naming an object. This study was done as a follow up to the pop up study in order to see if constant location of novel objects actually improves learning in a more life-like situation. Infants age 16-18 months old were presented a novel object on a tray divided into three different locations. Each presentation consisted of labeling the object by saying, Look! That's a Dax! See! It's a Dax! Can you get the Dax! while pointing and looking at the object each time it was named. Afterwards, the tray was pushed forward and the infant was instructed to grab the object at that specific location. One group of infants was presented with objects at consistent locations (object 1 always appeared at location 1), while a second group of infants were presented with objects at varied locations (object 1 appeared at locations 1, 2, and 3). All infants were then tested for learning. The training phase consisted of 18 presentations. In the testing phase the infants were presented with either 3 familiar objects or the 3 novel objects in a novel location and were asked for a specific (Where's the Dax? Get the Dax!). There was a filler familiar testing trial in between each novel testing trial to ensure that the children were continually reminded to pick the item that the experimenter labeled. Each novel object was asked for twice in order to see if the infants had learned the novel words. The results will help to further understand how location and spatial indexing help infants learn in a naturalistic, multimodal environment.	INFO EAST
	Brian Davault	The Role of Frustration in Explore/Exploit This experiment was designed to study the relationship between frustration and decision-making strategies in an explore-exploit task. In this task subjects must choose between exploration, in which they search for a new source of reward, and exploitation, in which they utilize a previously discovered source of reward. We predicted that an increase in frustration would cause subjects to alter their playing strategies, spending more time in the exploration phase. To frustrate subjects we changed the value of the reward during the exploitation phase in addition to manipulating motivation by requiring subjects to perform an aversive task when they performed poorly on half of the blocks. The results of this experiment show that motivation was able to successfully modulate frustration and bring about a change in strategy. In the exploration phase, we showed an increase in frustration and a change in strategy as a result of motivation. In the exploitation phase, we were able to show a difference in strategy but were unable to show frustration. While motivation affected decision-making in both the exploration and exploitation phases, motivation only elicited frustration during the exploration phase. This may be due to differences in reward between the two phases. Since the variability of reward in exploration is greater than that in exploitation, subjects received low rewards more frequently during exploration, resulting in increased frustration. These data show that motivation affects both frustration and decision-making, but suggest that frustration may not be involved in decision-making in an explore-exploit task.	INFO EAST
	Eloisa Estrada	Romance in the Mind: Theory of Mind and Gender Differences in Sophie Kinsella Fiction The ability to understand what other people may be thinking, along with the ability to predict certain emotions, reactions or actions that people may experience has the potential to improve relationships among society. Interdisciplinary research connects humanities and sciences and recently in a new focus researchers now are studying the importance of Theory of Mind applied to literature. They suggest that because Theory of Mind explains human minds, it can also work with fictional minds and even the author's mind. Controversy about this topic has left some skeptics who do not agree with the validity of this new subject based on the fact that fictional characters are not real minds since they do not exist outside the pages of a novel. Theory of Mind applies to every type of human relationship or interaction, and specifically, romantic relationships have frequently been the main focus of many psychologists whose extensive research has been dedicated to this particular area of interest. These relationships are especially complex because gender differences play a key role in the understanding and communication within the couple. Differences in men and women (e.g. behavior, reactions, emotions, and perceptions), can be observed in any relationship. Theory of Mind is a powerful tool that can be implemented in the study of these mentioned differences. I will analyze Sophie Kinsella's characters to discuss how it demonstrates the role of Theory of Mind within romantic relationships. By taking this different approach and applying the concepts of this theory to fictional characters, a new view on romantic relationships can be obtained from observing the interactions between characters and also what the author might have wanted the audience to understand and learn from it. The extension of this new knowledge will include the studying of relevant variables such as gender differences, how a relationship unfolds at different levels, and the role of Theory of Mind when it comes to communication, among many others.	INFO EAST
	Emily Garl	Acoustic Characteristics of the English Vowels of Speakers of East Asian Languages Previous studies have shown that a talker's first language (L1) has a strong effect on the production of a second language (L2). Differences in the vowel inventories of the L1 and L2 influence the production of an L2, which leads to variation that may be perceived as a 'foreign accent'. In order to better understand the effect of the L1 on L2 vowels, and how this interacts with the perception of foreign accent, the current study investigated the English vowels of twelve native speakers of Cantonese, Mandarin, Japanese, and Korean. These languages contain markedly different vowel inventories than American English, as well as one another, but talkers of these languages are commonly perceived as having a similar, or even the same, accent by native American English listeners. Acoustic measurements, including vowel duration and first (F1) and second (F2) formant frequency, were collected from hVd words featuring 11 English monopthong vowels produced by the four L2 groups and an American English group. Results revealed that the non-native talkers' English vowels deviated from the native talkers' vowels with respect to both F1 and F2 and duration. Additionally, each L2 group differed in their realizations of the English vowels, which reflected the vowel systems of their unique L1s. Although there was a high degree of individual variability, these results support previous research suggesting that L2 sounds not found in the L1 will be the most difficult to acquire. Results of the acoustic analysis and theoretical motivations for the study will be discussed.	INFO EAST
	Alex Lazar	Is Frustration Arousing? The relationship between frustration and arousal is currently not well understood, and little research has focused on this interaction. Often when frustration occurs, the expected outcome was not received resulting in a conflict - whether to continue or withdrawal. Since arousal is likely related to approach behavior, it is unclear in a frustrated context whether arousal increases or decreases. To further explore the relationship between frustration and arousal, subjects participated in a computerized task in which there are three possible outcomes: reward, failure, or reward omission. We manipulated frustration by omitting expected rewards and repeating the three different outcomes. According to frustration theory, the omission of an expected reward should generate frustration. To measure frustration, we inserted a continue button between trials and measured the reaction time as well as skin conductance to measure arousal level. Results showed increased reaction time in response to failure and reward omission trials, indicating frustration, but reaction time differences were not observed as a function of repetitions. Skin conductance results show decreased arousal for failure and reward omission trials. Interestingly, repetition generated a U-pattern in which the first and third repetitions had similar arousal levels, but the second showed significantly decreased arousal. From these results, we concluded that subjects were frustrated by the feedback of failure and reward omission and also showed reduced arousal. These findings indicate arousal decreases as frustration increases. Therefore, inducing frustration may signal a withdrawal from an approach state, but future studies should focus on the relationship between frustration and decreased arousal in mediating withdrawal.	INFO EAST
	Alex Miller	The role of frustrative non-reward and working memory capacity in decision-making The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between working memory capacity and frustrative non-reward in making advantageous decisions. The researchers adapted Bechara's Iowa gambling task (IGT), to measure the effect of present frustrative non-reward on decision-making. Abram Amsel's frustration effect was used to quantify frustration caused by reward omission. The setup of the IGT included four decks of cards which participants were instructed to draw from one at a time and were told to try and earn as many points as possible before the end of the task. Each card included either a positive or negative point value. Two decks were designated the "disadvantageous" decks (loss of points) and the other two were designated advantageous (gain of points). Participants' (n=22) reaction times to press a continue button and their self-reports of frustration were obtained following each trial. Participants also completed a modified version of the Auditory Consonant Trigram (ACT) test (Brown, 1958) in order to measure each participant's working memory capacity (WMC). Analyses of the reaction times for continue button presses revealed that response was shown to be significantly slower for point losses than for gains for all participants, F (1,21) = 47.93, p < 0.001. These reaction time results were counter to the frustration effect shown by Amsel and may warrant further research in human frustration. There was also a moderate negative correlation between participants' ACT score and their self-report of frustration. These results suggest that a higher WMC may relate to lower levels of frustration in a decision-making task.	INFO EAST
	Kevin Schwartz	ERP Microstate Analysis of Failure and Success Microstate analysis is a relatively unexplored avenue of EEG analysis which offers an opportunity to examine differences between various conditions. Microstates represent periods of relatively stable electric potentials across the scalp and have been shown to effectively differentiate between reward and reward omission conditions (Nahum, 2011). This technique, however, has not been used to examine the neuronal processing of failure and success feedback. In the current study we applied this analysis to EEG data to determine periods of stability which differed across failure and success conditions. In this study, participants performed an aversive task in which they could succeed or fail. To motivate subjects failure resulted in having to repeat the aversive trial. EEG data was recorded using a high density system and the resulting data was analyzed to identify microstates unique to both the failure and success conditions. The EEG data from the two conditions were combined to define a set of eight unique template maps through segmentation analysis which best defined the topographic space of the EEG waveforms over a 1000 ms period beginning with feedback onset. The data for each subject for each condition was then fit onto the previously defined template maps yielding the number of time frames spent in each microstate. An earlier microstate had significantly more time frames spent in the failure condition compared to the success condition whereas a second later microstate showed significantly more time frames spent in the success condition. The significantly larger number of time frames spent in the earlier microstate in the failure condition as opposed to the success condition could be associated with a cognitive process involved in evaluating performance. Similarly, the later microstate could be correlated with a cognitive process involved in the anticipation of reward as significantly more time frames were spent in this microstate in the success condition. These results show the viability of microstate analysis as a potential method of differentiating between the neuronal processing of the outcomes of failure and success.	INFO EAST
	Benjamin Seitzman	Cognitive Manipulation of Brain Electric Microstates EEG studies of resting state networks (RSNs) have shown that there are brief periods in which global electrical brain activity on the scalp remains semi-stable (so-called microstates). Topographical analyses of this activity showed that much of the variance is explained by only four different microstates that occur in a repetitive sequence across all subjects (Lehmann and Skrandies 1979). A recent fMRI study (Britz 2010) showed that these four microstates correlate with four RSNs involved in specific cognitive functioning. Using the techniques of Lehmann and colleagues, we are examining the degree to which these microstates may be manipulated using cognitive tasks by recording 64-channel EEG while subjects rest and while subjects perform a cognitive task in both eyes-open and in eyes-closed conditions. The cognitive task employs serial subtraction to induce the visuospatial RSN (Lee and Kang 2002). Data collection is ongoing. We hypothesize that spatiotemporal analyses will show that the microstate associated with visual imagery will last for a significantly longer period of time during the cognitive task than during resting and that there will be no significant difference between eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. If our hypothesis is substantiated, such a result will suggest that cognitive manipulation of microstates is possible and that the four microstates are present and remain unchanged in eyes-open conditions. (Benjamin A. Seitzman1, Malene Abell1, Isaiah Innis1, Andrew DeJesus1, Molly Erickson1, Rick Betzel1, Olaf Sporns1,2, and William P. Hetrick1,2; 1 Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington; 2 Programs in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, Indiana University Bloomington)	INFO EAST
	Arch Silapiruti	Rare-Event Simulation of AFIS False-Matches In forensics, as field experts incorporating technology becomes more widely the standard for investigations, there is a need to explore this ambiguous relationship in order to understand the pitfalls, and in turn, maximize effectiveness of this strategy (Dror 2010). Specifically in fingerprint examinations, the extent to which experts rely on AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems) spans a large spectrum, for much is undefined of what the best strategy is to ensure a correct fingerprint match, for every comparison taken. Fingerprint experts now implore AFIS because the workload is "offloaded" to the much quicker computer, and it can pull from a much larger database of fingerprints (Dror 2010). As discussed in (Dror 2010), one issue of relying so heavily on AFIS is that when the database gets larger, the likelihood of AFIS retrieving a fingerprint with highly similar characteristics (but is not a correct match) increases. My research is intended to explore this idea using theory of extreme values; in particular, (Shiffrin 2002) provides a mathematical proof for race models asymptotically peaking when the number of sampled distributions reaches a certain size. In order to require data, I propose to create a program that tests the AFIS system by collecting a set of fingerprints, where each fingerprint is copied but has defined levels of noise. By testing at different noise levels for various prints, I would like to identify the highest AFIS scores attained for non-matches. This will create a distribution that identifies the probability of getting a false-match, and that this likelihood reaches an asymptotic maxim when the database size reaches a general value.	INFO EAST
	Julian Swartz	Utilizing Graph Theory to Examine the Effects of Age on Ambiguity in solution paths in the Tower of London Previous research utilizing the Tower of London task (TOL) have focused on planning and working memory, however most studies have not examined differences in solution paths. This may be due to difficulties in analyzing solution paths. In an attempt to address these difficulties graph theory was used here. One feature of graph theory utilized is motifs, which identify network patterns but can also be used to characterize solution paths. To evaluate the utility of graph theory on solution paths, the current study manipulated the structural feature of ambiguity and age. Ambiguity in the TOL problem structure refers to the obviousness of the initial move to solve the problem. To examine age, an elderly (62-81) and a young (19-38) group were recruited to participate in the experiment. Our results show a significant main effect of ambiguity on the types of solution paths produced, but surprisingly there was no main effect or interaction of age. These results suggest that when ambiguity is present, participants are more likely to make mistakes, which produces more variability in solution paths. Age however had no effect on solution paths, which suggests that getting older has no influence on the kinds of solution paths generated. Overall, our study shows the viability of using graph theory to analyze solution paths in the Tower of London task. This method can provide a way to better characterize the generation of solution paths, which can be applied to neuroimaging studies to facilitate the identification of regions involved in generating solutions during problem solving.	INFO EAST
	Megan Vander Woude	Analogy Can Evoke Emotion in Fiction A large part of why we love fiction comes from the emotional experience it can give, and there are many techniques that writers use to give this effect, including the use of analogy. Research in analogical processing suggests certain types of analogies can evoke emotion (Thagard & Shelley, 2001). With the help of current cognitive research, I conducted a case study and analysis of my own reactions to analogy in fiction. I expected to see emotional responses from analogy, particularly those involving aspects external from the text at hand. Focusing on three types of analogy I observed in literature (internal, external and personal), I evaluated the effects analogies had on my reading experience. My research shows analogy as an effective way for writers to evoke emotion in fictional works, similar to the ways that current cognitive knowledge suggests (as seen in Holyoak & Thagard, 1995; Thagard & Shelley, 2001; Lakoff & Turner, 1989). What's more, my observations suggest that analogies involving personal aspects, where a reader essentially creates a new mapping, could have an especially strong effect when evoking emotion. This case study does not offer analogy as the sole literary technique to evoke emotion - there are undoubtedly many more to explore. However, it does provide a cognitive view of analogy in literature, and illustrates the potential this perspective could have for further research for both understanding the effects of analogy and why we read fiction.	INFO EAST
Time TBD, Post-Conference Repast, Restaurant TBD